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The extant manuscripts of the writings of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus include references to Jesus and the origins of Christianity. Josephus' ''Antiquities of the Jews'', written around 93–94 AD (nearly 25 years after the first known Gospel, Mark, dated around 70 AD), includes two references to the biblical Jesus Christ in Books 18 and 20 and a reference to John the Baptist in Book 18. Scholarly opinion varies on the total or partial authenticity of the reference in Book 18, Chapter 3, 3 of the ''Antiquities'', a passage that states that Jesus the Messiah was a wise teacher who was crucified by Pilate, usually called the ''Testimonium Flavianum''. The general scholarly view is that while the ''Testimonium Flavianum'' is most likely not authentic in its entirety, it is broadly agreed upon that it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus, which was then subject to Christian expansion/alteration.〔 Although the exact nature and extent of the Christian redaction remains unclear,〔Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Robert McLachlan Wilson, ''New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings'', page 490 (James Clarke & Co. Ltd, 2003). ISBN 0-664-22721-X〕 there is broad consensus as to what the original text of the ''Testimonium'' by Josephus would have looked like. Modern scholarship has largely acknowledged the authenticity of the reference in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the ''Antiquities'' to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" 〔Louis Feldman (ISBN 90-04-08554-8 pages 55–57) states that the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James has been "almost universally acknowledged".〕 and considers it as having the highest level of authenticity among the references of Josephus to Christianity.〔Sample quotes from previous references: Van Voorst (ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 page 83) states that the overwhelming majority of scholars consider both the reference to "the brother of Jesus called Christ" and the entire passage that includes it as authentic." Bauckham (ISBN 90-04-11550-1 pages 199–203) states: "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic". Meir (ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6 pages 108–109) agrees with Feldman that few have questioned the authenticity of the James passage. Setzer (ISBN 0-8006-2680-X pages 108–109) also states that few have questioned its authenticity.〕 However, New Testament scholar Robert M. Price speculates that Josephus may have considered James a fraternal brother rather than a sibling.〔Robert M. Price. ''The Christ Myth Theory and its Problems'', Atheist Press, 2011, p. 132, ISBN 9781578840175〕 Almost all modern scholars consider the reference in Book 18, Chapter 5, 2 of the ''Antiquities'' to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist also to be authentic. The references found in ''Antiquities'' have no parallel texts in the other work by Josephus such as the ''Jewish War'', written 20 years earlier, but some scholars have provided explanations for their absence. A number of variations exist between the statements by Josephus regarding the deaths of James and John the Baptist and the New Testament accounts. Scholars generally view these variations as indications that the Josephus passages are not interpolations, for a Christian interpolator would have made them correspond to the New Testament accounts, not differ from them. ==The three passages== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Josephus on Jesus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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